History of surgery of the parathyroid glands: from the first descriptions to modern technologies
SURGERY
Abstract
The article presents a comprehensive historical review of the establishment and development of parathyroid gland surgery, covering the period from the first anatomical descriptions to modern high-tech interventions. The evolution of scientific views is traced from the initial discovery of the parathyroid glands by R. Owen in a rhinoceros (1850) and their systematic description by I. Sandström (1880) to the understanding of their physiological role. The long journey toward understanding the pathogenesis of hyperparathyroidism is highlighted, including the contributions of F. von Recklinghausen, M. Askanazy, J. Erdheim, and the Russian pathologist A.V. Rusakov. The article describes the first operations, which were sometimes unsuccessful, and the development of surgical approaches. Special attention is paid to revolutionary changes in the late XX century: the introduction of sestamibi scintigraphy (1989), intraoperative parathyroid hormone monitoring (1991), and minimally invasive techniques (M. Gagner, P. Miccoli). The current stage in the development of parathyroid surgery is associated with the application of high-tech methods for diagnosing adenoma localization, as well as endovideosurgical and robotic techniques in the treatment of hyperparathyroidism. The article emphasizes that modern achievements have been made possible through centuries of continuity in scientific research.
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