Air leak syndromes in newborns
Abstract
Air leak syndromes are a group of pathological conditions that occur due to a violation of the integrity of the alveoli and small airways in patients of various age groups. These conditions are characterized by the accumulation of air in organs and tissues, where normally gas should not be present. Due to the anatomical and physiological features of the respiratory system in newborns, the development of air leak syndromes in this group of patients can have a significant impact on cardiorespiratory function and lead to severe conditions requiring emergency care and intensive care in the future. The main forms of air leakage syndromes include: interstitial pulmonary emphysema, pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum, pneumopericardium, subcutaneous emphysema, pneumoperitoneum and systemic air embolism. All of these conditions, combined or separately, can potentially cause death. Overgrowth of the alveoli, leading to their rupture, can occur both during spontaneous breathing of a newborn and during positive pressure respiratory support. In recent years, the number of cases of air leaks in neonatal intensive care units has decreased significantly. This is due to improved methods of protective respiratory support and the active use of minimally invasive respiratory technologies. Modern approaches to the treatment and prevention of respiratory support complications can significantly reduce the risk of these dangerous conditions, which, in turn, improves treatment outcomes and increases the survival rate of critically ill newborns, including premature newborns with very low and extremely low birth weight.
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